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Fritz Zwicky

In 1933, Fritz Zwicky calculated the gravitational mass of several galaxies and obtained a value at least 400 times greater than expected from their luminosity, which means that most of the matter must be ‘dark matter’.

Source: Sagan, Carl. Cosmos. New York: Random House, 1980.

Fritz Zwicky Dark Matter
Fritz Zwicky in 1970 (left). And Ring of dark matter around ZwCl0024+1652 taken by the Hubble Space Telescope (right)
License (left) CC BY-SA 4.0.
License (right) CC BY 4.0

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Full disclosure, I may occasionally borrow a sentence from Will Durant's Story of Civilization. I absolutely love that collection!