Charles Darwin
On November 24th, 1859, Charles Darwin published his most influential book ‘On the Origin of Species’. In it, he proposes the scientific theory that organisms evolve over the course of generations through natural selection. This book is the foundation of evolutionary biology and one of the most powerful and widely proved theories humanity has put forth.
Source: Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London: John Murray, 1859
Public Domain
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Full disclosure, I may occasionally borrow a sentence from Will Durant's Story of Civilization. I absolutely love that collection!